| 904 |
|
Arabs capture Thessalonica. |
| 1703 |
|
English novelist Daniel Defoe is made to stand in the pillory as punishment for offending the government and church with his satire The Shortest Way With Dissenters. |
| 1760 |
|
Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, drives the French army back to the Rhine River. |
| 1790 |
|
The U.S. Patent Office opens. |
| 1882 |
|
Belle and Sam Starr are charged with horse stealing in the Indian territory. |
| 1875 |
|
Former president Andrew Johnson dies at the age of 66. |
| 1891 |
|
Great Britain declares territories in Southern Africa up to the Congo to be within their sphere of influence. |
| 1904 |
|
The Trans-Siberian railroad connecting the Ural mountains with Russia's Pacific coast, is completed. |
| 1917 |
|
The third Battle of Ypres commences as the British attack the German lines. |
| 1932 |
|
Adolf Hitler's Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) doubles its strength in legislative elections. |
| 1944 |
|
The Soviet army takes Kovno, the capital of Lithuania. |
| 1971 |
|
Apollo 15 astronauts take a drive on the moon in their land rover. |
|
Born on July 31 |
| 1803 |
|
John Ericsson, naval engineer and inventor, developed the screw propeller. |
| 1816 |
|
George Henry Thomas, Union general during the American Civil War. |
| 1837 |
|
William Clarke Quantrill, Confederate raider during the American Civil War. |
| 1867 |
|
S.S. Kresge, American businessman. |
| 1901 |
|
Jean Dubuffet, French sculptor and painter. |
| 1912 |
|
Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize-winning economist. |
| 1919 |
|
Primo Levi, Italian writer and scientist (Survival in Auschwitz). |
| 1921 |
|
Whitney Young, Jr., civil rights leader and executive director of the National Urban League. |
| 1928 |
|
Horace Silver, jazz pianist, composer and bandleader. |
| 1951 |
|
Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player. |
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